Rebuilding Livelihood of the Rural and Peri-Urban Resettlers in Post-Involuntary Displacement of Saguling Dam Construction

Sunardi Sunardi, Miranti Ariyani, Rina Febriani, Ghea Sakti Maharani, Regina Hoi Yee Fu, Ryo Fujikura

Abstract


The construction of dams and reservoirs often comprises the displacement of not only communities but also the livelihood of the communities itself. This study aims to explore the effects of Saguling Dam construction on the livelihood re-establishment of the displaced people, by paying more attention on the sociographic localities of the new settlement, i.e. the rural and peri-urban areas. A survey was conducted on two groups of resettlers equiped with structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the project has imposed hardship on the displaced people in the process of livelihood re-establishment. Beside changes and lost of occupation, lost of resources, and insufficient cash compensation, sociographic localities of the two groups determined their social capital, which was also vital to their livelihood reconstruction.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R., Naess, L. O., Wolf, J., & Wreford, A. (2009). Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climate Change, 93, 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z

Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008) Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016

Agnes, R. D., Solle, M. S., Said, A., & Fujikura, R. (2009). Effects of Construction of the Bili-Bili Dam (Indonesia) on Living Conditions of Former Residents and Their Patterns of Resettlement and Return. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 25(3), 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620902965186

Biswas, A. K., & Tortajada, C. (2001). Development and Large Dams: A Global Perspective. Water Resources Development, 17(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620120025024

Cernea, M. M. (2008). Compensation and benefit sharing: Why resettlement policies and practices must be reformed. Water Science and Engineering, 1(1), 89-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1674-2370(15)30021-1

Cernea, M. M., & Schmidt-Soltau, K. (2006). Poverty risks and national parks: policy issues in conservation and resettlement. World Development, 34(10), 1808-1830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008

Cheung, S., & Phillimore, J. (2013). Social networks, social capital and refugee integration. Report for Nuffield Foundation, London.

Department of Mines and Energy. (1985). Saguling – Environmental Aspects. Department of Mines and Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Development Assistance Committee. (1992). Guidelines for aid agencies on involuntary displacement and resettlement in development projects (Guidelines on Aid and Environment, No. 3). OECD, Paris.

Fujikura, R., & Nakayama, M. (2012). The long-term impacts of resettlemet programmes resulting from dam construction projects in Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Sri Langka and Turkey: a comparison af land-for-land and cash compensation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.741032

Gunawan, B. (1992). Floating Net Cage Culture – A Study of of People Involvement in the Fishing System of Saguling Dam,West Java (Masters thesis, Graduate School Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Phillipines).

Hang Bhui, T. M., Schreinemachers, P., & Berger, T. (2013). Hydropower development in Vietnam: Involuntary resettlement and factors enabling rehabilitation. Land Use Policy, 31, 536-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.08.015

IOE. (1985a). Environmental Impact Analysis of the Saguling Dam. Institute of Ecology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

IOE. (1985b). Saguling Hydroelectric Power Plant, paper presented at Workshop on the Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment Applications in ASEAN countries, 4-7 March, Bandung, Indonesia.

Kaika, M. (2006). Dams as symbols of modernization: the urbanization of nature between geographical imagination and materiality. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(2), 276-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00478.x

Kura, Y., Joffre, O., Laplante, B., & Sengvilaykham, B. (2017). Coping with resettlement: A livelihood adaptation analysis in the Mekong River basin. Land Use Policy, 60, 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.017

Nakayama, M .(1998). Post-project review of Environmental Impact Assessment for Saguling Dam for involuntary resettlement. International journal of water resources development, 14(2), 217-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900629849411

Nakayama, M., Yoshida, T., & Gunawan, B. (1999). Compensation Schemes for Resettlers in Indonesian Dam Construction Projects. Water International, 24(4), 348-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508069908692187

Osbahr, H., Twyman, C., Adger, W. N., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2010). Evaluating successful livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa. Ecology and Society, 15(2), 27.

PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara). (1989). Rencana pengelolaan dan pemantauan lingkungan (RKL&RPL) PLTA Saguling (Planning for environmental management and monitoring of Saguling hydroelectric power). Jakarta. Indonesia.

Quetulio-Navarra, M., Niehof, A., & van der Vaart, W. (2013) Social capital in involuntary displacement and resettlement. Intenational Journal of Social Science and Humanity Studies, 5(2), 139-154.

Quetulio-Navarra, M., Niehof, A., Van der Horst, H., & van der Vaart, W. (2014). Short-term risk experience of involuntary resettled households in the Philippines and Indonesia. Habitat International, 41, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.habitatint.2013.07.013

Sayatham, M., & Suhardiman, D. (2015). Hydropower resettlement and livelihood adaptation: The Nam Mang 3 project in Laos. Water resources and rural development, 5, 17-30. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.wrr.2015.01.001

Siciliano, G., Urban, F., Kimb, S., & Lonn, P. D. (2015). Hydropower, social priorities and the rural – urban development divide : The case of large dams in Cambodia. Energy Policy, 86, 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.009

Singer, J., & Watanabe, T. (2014). Reducing reservoir impacts and improving outcomes for damforced resettlement: experiences in central Vietnam. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 19(3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12072

Sisinggih, D., Wahyuni, S., & Juwono, P. T. (2013). The resettlement programme of the Wonorejo Dam project in Tulungagung, Indonesia: the perceptions of former residents. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.743432

Sunardi, Gunawan, B., Manatunge, J., & Pratiwi, F. D. (2013). Livelihood status of resettlers affected by the Saguling Dam project, 25 years afer inundation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738593.

Suwartapradja, O. S., Arifin, T., Kanum, A., Ansor, & Djumari. (1985). Pemantauan sosial ekonomi budaya penduduk pindahan dari bawah ke atas genangan PLTA Saguling (Monitoring on socio-economic and cultural aspects of the displaced people in Saguling Area). Bandung, Indonesia: Pusat Penelitian Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan, Universitas Padjadjaran. Indonesia.

Thompson, S. K., Bucerius, S. M., & Luguya, M. (2013). Unintended consequences of neighbourhood restructuring. British Journal of Criminology, 53(5), 924-941. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt032

Tilt, B., & Gerkey, D. (2016). Dams and population displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River: Implications for social capital and social–ecological resilience. Global Environmental Change, 36, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.008

Wang, P., Wolf, S. A., Lassoie, J. P., & Dong, S. (2013). Compensation policy for displacement caused by dam construction in China: An institutional analysis. Geoforum, 48, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2013.04.009

Webber, M., & McDonald, B. (2004). Involuntary resettlement, production and income: Evidence from the Xiaolangdi, PRC. World Development, 32(4), 673-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.010

Wilmsen, B. (2016) After the deluge: A longitudinal study of resettlement at the Three Gorged Dam, China. World Development, 84, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.04.003

Wilmsen, B., & Webber, M. (2015). What can we learn from the practice of development-forced displacement and resettlement for organised resettlements in response to climate change? Geoforum, 58, 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2014.10.016

Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225

World Bank. (2004). Involuntary ressettlement sourcebook: Planning and implementation in development projects. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Energy Council. (2017). Energy resources — hydropower. Retrieved January 5, 2018 from https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/resource/hydropower

Yoshida, H., Agnes, R. D., Solle, M., & Jayadi, M. (2013). A long-term evaluation of families affected by the Bili-Bili Dam development resettlement project in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738495




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jad.v5i1.14421

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Asian Development



Journal of Asian Development  ISSN 2377-9594   E-mail: jad@macrothink.org

Copyright © Macrothink Institute 

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'macrothink.org' domains to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', please check your 'spam' or 'junk' folder.