Systematic Review. Does A Plant-Based Diet Improve Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes?

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health issue, affecting over 537 million adults in 2021, with projections reaching 783 million by 2045. The rising prevalence, driven by urbanization, aging populations, and sedentary lifestyles, underscores the need for effective and sustainable management strategies. Plant-based diets have emerged as a promising intervention for improving glycemic control and metabolic health. This systematic review assessed whether adherence to plant-based diets, compared to standard diabetic diets, improves glycemic control and reduces HbA1c levels in adults with T2DM. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Agricola, and related databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies published between 2014 and 2024, included randomized controlled trials and cohort studies assessing plant-based diets in adults with T2DM. Key outcomes included changes in HbA1c and fasting glucose. Data extraction and quality assessments followed standardized methodologies. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings demonstrated consistent HbA1c reductions (0.6%–0.9%) and fasting glucose improvements (12–18 mg/dL) in plant-based diet groups compared to controls. Additional benefits included weight loss, reduced medication reliance, and improved cardiovascular markers. These effects were evident across diverse populations and dietary patterns. Plant-based diets offer a compelling approach to glycemic control and metabolic health in adults with T2DM. These findings align with global dietary guidelines and underscore the importance of long-term research to evaluate sustainability and broader applicability.