Systematic Review: The Effect of Omega-3 Consumption on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and behavior regulation. A growing body of evidence suggests omega-3 fatty acids - in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - may offer therapeutic benefits by modulating neuroinflammation, enhancing synaptic plasticity, and supporting cognitive function. This systematic review evaluated the effects of Omega-3 supplementation on behavioral and cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with ASD. Following the PRISMA Guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and GALE databases. Thirteen studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses published between 2014 and 2024, met the inclusion criteria. Key outcomes analyzed included improved social responsiveness, attention, hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, and inflammatory markers. Findings indicated Omega-3 supplementation led to statistically significant improvements in social communication (mean improvement range: 15–20%, p < 0.05, respectively) and reductions in hyperactivity and impulsivity across several studies. Individuals with low baseline DHA and EPA levels showed greater responsiveness to supplementation. While results were generally positive, variations in dosage, treatment duration, and study design contributed to mixed outcomes. Overall, Omega-3 supplementation appears to be a safe, well-tolerated, and potentially beneficial adjunct to standard ASD therapies. Further large-scale, long-term trials are warranted to determine optimal dosing strategies and identify responsive ASD subgroups.