Migration and Employment Policy and Their Impact on Social Integration: Evidence From Nigeria
Abstract
Scholars have long sought answers for the socio-economic and political discomfort of immigrants. Migrants became underclass and exploited in their new environment. In a field survey conducted in Ondo State, Nigeria, the study examined the ontological submissions about immigrants’ plight for employment and the host community’s potentials at tapping high skills available among the migrants. The study anchored on Talcott Parson’s AGIL- Social System Theory of societal survival, most especially its functional prerequisites, notably adaptation, goal, integration and pattern maintenance. The overall finding emerging from the study is that social integration links positively to migrants’ acquired work ethics, acceptance into formal workforce, and socio-communal interactions. Consequently, standardised integration of skilled-migrants into workforce shaped cordial relationship and lasting peace between migrants and the host community.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdou, L. H. (2019). Immigrant integration: The governance of ethnocultural differences. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0124-8
Adams, N., & Sydie, R. A. (2001). Sociological theory. USA/UK/India: Pine Forge Press/ Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233925
Adediji, A. (2016). The politicisation of ethnicity as a source of conflict: The Nigerian situation. Koln, Deutschland: Springer. E-book accessed 12/4/17 from http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0007/6500/84/L-G-0007650084-0014262686.pdf
Adepoju, A., & van der Wiel, A. (2010). Seeking greener pastures abroad: A migration profile of Nigeria. Ibadan: Safari Books Ltd.
Akinyemi, A., & Kuteyi, M. (2010). Internal migration in Nigeria: Aderanti Adepoju’s research on changing dynamics and its relevance to development issues. In J. O. Oucho (Ed.), Migration in the service of African development: Essays in honour of Professor Aderanti Adepoju, pp. 479-516.
Alba, R., & Nee, V. (1977). Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. International Immigration Review, 31(4), 826-874. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100403
Aleksynska, M., & Algan, Y. (2010). Assimilation and integration of immigrants in Europe. A Discussion Paper No. 5185 published by the Institute for the Study of Labour, Bonn – Germany. Accessed 12/4/17 from http://ftp.iza.org/dp5185.pdf
Anisef, P., & Lanphier, M. (2003). The World in a City. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442670259
Bolt, G., Ozuekren, S., & Phillips, D. (2010). Linking integration and residential segregation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903387238
Borjas, G. J. (1995). Assimilation and changes in cohort quality revisited: What happened to immigration earnings in the 1980s. Journal of Labour Economics, 13(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1086/298373
Borjas, G. J., & Hilton, L. (1996). Immigration and the welfare state: Immigrant participation in means-tested entitlement programs. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(2), 575-604. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946688
Castle, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., & Vertovec, S. (2002). Migration: Mapping the Field. A Report of a Project carried out by the University of Oxford Centre for Migration and policy Research and Refugee Studies Center contracted by the Home Office Immigration Research and Statistics Service (IRSS).
Castles, S. (2010). Understanding global migration: A social transformation perspective, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1565-1586. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381
Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2015). Social integration of new-generation migrants in Shanghai, China. Habitat International, 49, 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.06.014
Chiswick, B. (1978). The effect of Americanisation on the earnings of foreign-born men. Journal of Political Economy, 86, 978-921. https://doi.org/10.1086/260717
Chiswick, B., & Miller, P. W. (2010). Educational mismatch: Are high-skilled immigrants really working at high-skilled jobs and the price they pay if they aren’t? A Working Paper 2010:7 with ISSN 1654-1189, published by The Stockholm University Linnaeus Center for Integration Studies (SULCIS).
Chiswick, B., Lee, Y. L., & Miller, P. W. (2005). Longitudinal analysis of immigrant occupational mobility: A test of the immigrant assimilation hypothesis. International Migration Review, 39(2), 332-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00269.x
Collie, P., Liu, J., Podsiadlowski, A., & Kindon, S. (2010). You can’t clap with one hand: Learnings to promote culturally grounded participatory action research with migrant and former refugee communities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.008
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, As Amended, 1999
Falcke, S., Meng, C., & Nollen, R. (2020). Educational mismatches for second-generation migrants: An analysis of applied science graduates in the Netherlands, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1738211
Favell, A. (2019). Integration: Twelve propositions after Schinkel. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0125-7
Fisher, G. A., & Chon, K. K. (1989). Durkheim and the social construction of emotions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52(1), 1-9.
Gans, H. J. (2007). Acculturation, assimilation and mobility. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(1), 152-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006637
Garcia, T., Féraud, G., Falguères, C., de Lumley, H., Perrenoud, C., & Lordkipanidze, D. (2010). The earliest human remains in Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia, Quaternary Geochronology, 5(4), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012
Goldlust, J., & Richmond, A. (1974). A multivariate model of immigrant adaptation. International Migration Review, 8(4), 193-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791837400800208
Green, D. (1999). Immigrant occupational attainment: Assimilation and mobility over time. Journal of Labour Economics, 17(1), 49-79. https://doi.org/10.1086/209913
Helbling, M., Simon, S., & Schmid, S. D. (2020). Restricting immigration to foster migrant integration? A comparative study across 22 European countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1727316
International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2019a). World Migration Report 2020. A publication of the UN International Organisation for Migration.
International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2019b). Migration Initiative 2020. A publication of the UN International Organisation for Migration.
Jeannotte, M. S. (2008). Promoting social integration: a brief examination of concepts and issues. A paper prepared for Experts Group Meeting July 8-10, 2008 Helsinki, Finland.
Kawashima, K. (2020). Why migrate to earn less? Changing tertiary education, skilled migration and class slippage in an economic downturn. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1720629
Khan Academy (2018). Homo sapiens & early human migration. Accessed 27/04/2020 from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/origin-humans-early-societies/a/where-did-humans-come-from
Klarenbeek, L. M. (2019). Relational integration: A response to Willem Schinkel. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0126-6
Korac, M. (2003). Integration and how we facilitate it: a comparative study of the settlement experiences of refugee in Italy and The Netherlands. Sociology, 37(1), 283-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038503037001387
Leakey, M., & Werdelin, L. (2010). Early Pleistocene mammals of Africa: background to dispersal. In J. G. Fleagle, J. J. Shea, F. E. Grine, A. L. Baden, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), Out of Africa: The first hominin colonization of Eurasia. New York, USA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_1
Lewin, R. (1987). Africa: cradle of modern humans. Science, 237, 1292+.
Malischewski, C-A. (2016). After the flight: The dynamics of refugee settlement and integration. In M. Poteet & S. Nourpanah (eds.), Refuge at the crossroads: Social and territorial dynamics of integration in Northern Ireland (pp. 21-43). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Mberu, B. U. (2006). Internal migration and household living conditions in Ethiopia. Demographic Research, 112, 509-540. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2006.14.21
McKay, A., & Deshingkar, P. (2014). Internal remittances of poverty: Further evidence from Asia. A Working Paper No. 12, published by the Migrating out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium.
Munch, R. (1982). Talcott Parsons and the theory of action II: The continuity of the development. American Journal of Sociology, 87(4), 771-826. https://doi.org/10.1086/227522
Nikolova, M., & Graham, C. (2015). In transit: The well-being of migrants from transition and post-transition Countries. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 12, 164-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.02.003
NPC & ICF International (2014). Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2013. Abuja, Nigeria/Maryland, USA: National Population Commission/ICF International. Accessed 12/4/17 from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR293/FR293.pdf
Oyeniyi, B. A. (2013). Internal migration in Nigeria: A positive contribution to human development. A research report No. ACPOBS/2013/PUB01 commissioned by Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States and funded by the EU.
Paden, J. N. (2005). Muslim civic cultures and conflict resolution: A positive challenge of democraticfFederalism in Nigeria. Washington, DC: Brookings Institutions Press
Penninx, R. (2019). Problems of and solutions for the study of immigrant integration. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0122-x
Pew Research Center (2009). Mapping the global Muslim population. Accessed 12/4/17 from http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/
Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 57(3), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716293530001006
Rajulton, F., & Ravanera, Z. (2009). Index of integration: Towards a summary measure of a multidimensional concept. A Paper presented in the Session30: “Measuring integration: political debates, scientific and methodological issues” at the 26th International Union of Scientific Study of Population Conference in Marrakech, Morocco, 28 September 2009.
Ray, B. (2002). Immigrant integration: Building to opportunity. Published by Migration Policy Institute. Accessed 12/4/17 from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/immigrant-integration-building-opportunity.
Riphahn, R. (2004). Immigrant participation in social assistance programs: Evidence from German guest workers. Applied Economics Quarterly, 50(4), 329-362.
Saharso, S. (2019). Who needs integration? Debating a central, yet increasingly contested concept. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0123-9
Schinkel, W. (2010). The virtualisation of citizenship. Critical Sociology, 36(2), 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920509357506
Schinkel, W. (2013). The imagination of ‘society’ in measurements of immigrant integration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7), 1142-1161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783709
Schinkel, W. (2017). Imagined societies: A critique of immigrant integration in Western Europe. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316424230
Schinkel, W. (2018). Against ‘immigrant integration’: For an end to neocolonial knowledge production. Comparative Migration Studies, 6, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0095-1
Schinkel, W. (2019). Migration studies: An imposition. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0136-4
Scott, M. (2010). Writing the History of Humanity: The Role of Museums in Defining Origins and Ancestors in a Transnational World. Curator: The Museum Journal, 48(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2005.tb00155.x
Thouez, C. (2019). Strengthening migration governance: the UN as ‘wingman’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(8), 1242-1257. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441604
White, A., Dito, B. B., Veale, A., & Mazzucato, V. (2019). Transnational migration, health and wellbeing: Nigerian parents in Ireland and the Netherlands Allen. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(44), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0147-1
Zanker, F. (2019). Managing or restricting movement? Diverging approaches to African and European migration governance. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(17), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0115-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.16719
Copyright (c) 2020 Taiwo Akanbi Olaiya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal of Public Administration and Governance ISSN 2161-7104
Email: jpag@macrothink.org
Copyright © Macrothink Institute
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'macrothink.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------