Systematic Literature Review: Perspectives of Employer’s on TVET Graduates’ Competencies

Abstract

The role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in equipping individuals with the essential skills and knowledge for the workforce is essential. TVET graduates are expected to integrate both technical skills and soft skills that meet industry requirements. As labor markets continue to change, it is crucial to identify the competencies that employers value to ensure that TVET curricula are effectively aligned with industry demands. This review systematically analyze the competencies of TVET graduates from the perspective of employers, guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive search across SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, focusing on literature from 2016 to 2024, a period significantly influenced by Industry 4.0. The analysis identified 14 key competency domains, including communication skills, teamwork skills, critical thinking and problem solving. These competencies were further categorized into two primary skill sets: soft skills and technical skills. The discussion explores the implications of these findings for curriculum alignment and stakeholder engagement. This review provides critical insights that can guide the refinement of TVET programs to better meet the dynamic needs of the workforce.