Impact of Emotional Labor on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction in Public Sector Organizations
Abstract
Organizationally desired display of emotions is the need of today’s organization both in private and public sectors. However, display of emotions or emotional labor and its impact on job satisfaction have been an understudied area in public sector. Therefore, this research examines the impact of emotional labor on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. The findings of our study suggest that emotional labor (EL) has a significant positive impact on emotional exhaustion (EE) and job satisfaction (JS) consistent with the earlier research. We have used affective event theory and conservation of resource theory to build our model. Practical and managerial implications of the study are also discussed.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aleksandrai, D., Sanja, B., Zeljko, A., & Kristina, K. (2017). Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction of tour guides in rural areas. Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction of tour guides in rural area.
Aminah, A., Zoharah, O., & Farah, M. R. (2017). Medating role of emotional exaution in the stress. The social sciences, 12(4), 666-673.
Arnold, B. B. (2017, March 30). Emotional labor among employees : a diary study relating strain, emotional labor, and service performanc. The International Journal of Human Resource Management.
Ashforth, B., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity,. Academy of Management Review, 1(18), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508
Ayhan, K. (2017). Relationship between emotional labor, burnout and turnover intention: a study on hotel business employee. Journal of Business Research, 6(1).
Azeem, S. M., & Altalhi, H. (2015). Role of Perceived Work-life Balance and Job Satisfaction in. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social, 12(5), 185-197.
Benjamin, R., Arnold, B. B., & Van, G. (2017). Emotional labor among police offiicer: a diary study relating strain, emotional labor, and service performance. The intenational journal of HRM, 852-879.
Bown, E. L., Vesely, C. K., Mahatmya, D., & Visconti, K. J. (2017). Emotions matter: themoderating role of emotional labour on preschool teacher and children interactions. Early Child Development and Care, 1-15.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of ‘people work’. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57
Brotheridge, C., & Lee, R. (1998, August). On the dimensionality of emotional labor: Development and validation of an emotional labor scale. Paper presented at the First Conference on Emotions in Organizational Life, San Diego, CA.
Bushra, A., & Yasir, A. F. (2014). Impact of Work Life Balance on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Among University Teachers: A Case Study of University of Gujrat, Pakistan. International journal of multidisciplinary sciences and engineering, 5(9).
Cameron, S. J., Horsburgh, M. E., & Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1994). Job satisfaction, propensity to leave, and burnout in RNs and RNAs: A multivariate perspective. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, 7(3), 43–64.
Cammann, C., & Fishman, M. (1979, September 21). Scientfic research an acadmia. The Effects of Burnout on Task Performance and Turnover Intention of New Generation of Skilled Workers, 5(3).
Carmeli, A., Gershon, G., & David, A. W. (2007). The Role of Perceived Organizational Performance in Organizational Identification, Adjustment and Job Performance. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 972–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00691.x
Carolyn, H., & Lara, P. (2017, july 3-5). Stream Proposal for the 10th International Critical Management Studies. Emotions, objects and meaning in organizations.
Chetna, P. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee loyalty. . International journal of social science & interdisciplinary research, 1-16.
Chu, K. L. (2002). The Effects of Emotional Labor on Employee Work Outcomes. Unpublished Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,.
Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 339–357. ormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2001). Job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 483–504.
Diefendorff, M. J., Croyle, H. M., & Gosserand, H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001
Dust, S. B., Resick, C. J., Margolis, J. A., Mawritz, M. B., & Greenbaum, R. L. (in Press). Ethical leadership and employee success: Examining the roles of psychological empowerment and emotional exhaustion. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.02.002
Elizabeth, A. H. (2016). The sociological quarterly. emotions and emotional labor at worker-owned businesses: Deep Acting, Surface Acting, and Genuine Emotions, 152–173.
Erickson, R. J. (1991). When Emotion is the Product: Self Society, and Inauthenticity in a Postmodern World. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman.
Fulgate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 14-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005
Furnham, A., Petrides, K. V., Jackson, C. J., & Cotter, T. (2002). Do personality factors predict job satisfaction?. Personality and individual differences, 33(8), 1325-1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00016-8
Gabriel, A. S., Daniels, M. A., Diefendorff, J. M., & Gregura, G. J. (2015, May).Emotional labor actors: a latent profile analysis of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 863-879. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037408
Grandey, A. (1998). Emotional labor: A concept and its correlates. Paper presented at the First Conference on Emotions in Organizational Life, San Diego.
Grandey, A. (2003). When ‘the show must go on:’ surface and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86–96.
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor,. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95
Grandey, A. A., & Goldberg, S. L. (2007). Display rules versus display autonomy: Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.301
Grandey, A., & Brauburger, A. (2002). The emotion regulation behind the customer service smile. In R. Lord, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotion regulation at work (pp. 260–294). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Grandey, A., Tam, A., & Brauburger, A. (2002). Affective states and traits of young workers: a diary study. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015142124306
Griffeth, R. W. et al. (2000) A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator rests, and research implications for the next millennium, Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600305
Halbesleben, J. R., & Bowler, W. M. (2007). Emotional exhaustion and job performance: The mediating role of motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.93
Hameed, F. (2016, September). Impact of personality on adaptive performance with mediating role of emotional labor. testing a mediated moderated model among front-line female hospitality industry employees in pakistan. Human Resource Managemen.
Hansen, M., & Mendzheritskaya, J. (2017). How University Lecturers’ Display of Emotion Affects Students’ Emotions, Failure Attributions, and Behavioral Tendencies in Germany, Russia, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(5), 734-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117697845
Hanudin, A. (2016). Why emotion at work matters: examining the influence of emotional labour and emotional intelligence on workplace behaviors among service workers in east Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 34(1), 79-105.
Harari, M. B., Thompson, A. H., & Viswesvaran, C. (2018). Extraversion and job satisfaction: The role of trait bandwidth and moderating effect of status goal attainment. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 14 –16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.041
Hobfoll., E. S., & Freedy, J. (1993). A general stress theory applied to burnout. Conservation of resources, 115-133.
Hochschild, A. (1990). Ideology and emotion management: a perspective and path for future research. . Research agendas in the sociology of emotions.
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart, Commercialization of Human Feeling, [Internet], USA. University of California press.
Hochschild, A. R. (2010). Invited Commentary: Can Emotional Labour Be Fun?. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 3(2), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2009.030929
Hoffmann, E. A. (2016). Emotions and emotional labour at worker-owned businesses: Deep acting, surface acting and genuine emotions. The Sociological Quarterly, 57(1), 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12113
Hogan, R., Hogan, J., & Roberts, B. W. (1996). Personality measurement and employment decisions: Questions and answers. American Psychologist, 51, 469−477. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.5.469
Ismail, S., Iqbal, Z., & Adeel, M. (2018). Impact of Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Employees Performance. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 8(2), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i2.13070
Jaewon, Y., & Todd, J. A. (2016). Frontline employee customer-oriented attitude in the presence of job demands and resources: The influence upon deep and surface acting. Journal of Service Research, 19(1), 102-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515589956
Joeri, K. T. (2014, September 4). Emotional exhaustion and burnout among medical professors. Businessl Education.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151–188
Kamal, G., Maryam, G., Ghale, J., & Leala, B. N. (2016). The Effect of Emotional Labor Strategies on Employees Job Performance and Organizational Commitment in Hospital Sector: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence in Ira. World Applied Sciences Journa, 319-326.
Kaur, S., & Malodia, L. (2017). Influence of emotional labour on job satisfaction among employees of private hospitals, a structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Health Management, 19(3), 456-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063417717899
Khan, M. A. (2012). News of foreign sciences. Impact of emotional labor on emotional exhaustion, and moderating role of social support: an empirical study on hospitality industry in Pakistan.
Kim, H. J., Hur, W. M., Moon, T. W., & Jun, J. K. (2017). Is all support equal? The moderating effects of supervisor, coworker, and organizational support on the link between emotional labor and job performance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(2), 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.11.002
Kim, H.K. (2008). Hotel service providers’ emotional labor: The antecedents and effects on burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.019
Kinman, G., Wray, S., & Strange, C. (2011). Emotional labour, burnout, and job satisfaction in UK teachers: The role of workplace social support. Educational Psychology, 31, 843– 856. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2011.608650
Kruml, ,. M., & Geddes, D. (2000). Exploring the dimensions of emotional labor: the heart of Hochschild’s work. Management Communication Quarterly, 14(1), 8-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318900141002
Lages, C., Piercy, N. F., Malhotra, N., & Simões, C. (2018). Understanding the mechanisms of the relationship between shared values and service delivery performance of frontline employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. ISSN 1466-4399 (In Press). https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1464491
Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York:Oxford University Press.
Lee, J. J., & Ok, C. (2012). Reducing burnout and enhancing job satisfaction: Critical role of hotel employees’ emotional intelligence and emotional labor. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1101-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.01.007
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123
Lee, Y. H., & Chelladurai, P. (2017). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, coach burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in sport leadership. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-20.
Liz, B., Joyce, D., & Mick, S. (2016). Emotion, space and society. homson Reuters Journal Citation Reports.
Martínez, Z. F. (2017). National library of management. How does emotional exhaustion influence work stress? Relationships between stressor appraisals, hedonic tone, and fatigue in nurses' daily tasks: A longitudinal cohort study, 43-50.
Maslach, C., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 1–16). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Mastracci, S. H., Newman, M. A., & Guy, M. E. (2006). Appraising Emotion Work: Determining Whether Emotional Labor is Valued in Government Jobs. American Review of Public Administration, 36(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074005280642
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996), The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences ofemotional labor, Academy of Management Journal, 21, 989-1010.
Prati, L. M., Liu, Y., Perrew_e, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2009) Emotional Intelligence as Moderator of the Surface Acting—Strain Relationship. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808328518
Pugliesi, K. (1999). The consequences of emotional labor: Effects on work stress, job satisfaction, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 23(2), 125–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021329112679
Pugliesi, K., & Shook, S. (1997). Gender, jobs, and emotional labor in a complex organization. Social Perspectives on Emotion, 4, 283–316.
Pushpakumari, M. D. (2008). The impact of job satisfaction on job performance. An emperical analysis, 1-17.
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1987). Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306444
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1989). The expression of emotion in organizational life. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 11, pp. 1–42). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Rasim, T., & Mustafa, T. (2017, 2 26). Eductional leadership and management. Positive psychological capital and emotional labor: A study in educational organizations.
Robbins, S. P. (2011). Organizational Behavior. .11th Edition, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited.
Rosser, V. J. (2004). Faculty members' intentions to leave: A national study on their worklife and satisfaction. Research in higher education, 45(3), 285-309. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RIHE.0000019591.74425.f1
Rutter, D. R., & Fielding, P. J. (1988). Sources of occupational stress: An examination of British prison officers. Work and Stress, 2, 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678378808257490
Schermuly, C. C., & Meyer, B. (2015). Good relationships at work: The effects of leader– member exchange and team–member exchange on psychological empowerment, emotional exhaustion, and depression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2060
Truta, C. (2014). Emotional Labor and Motivation in Teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 791-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.356
Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020–1030. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1020
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior, 18, 1-74.
Wharton, A. (1999). The psychosocial consequences of emotional labor. . In R. J. Steinberg, & D. M. Figart (Eds.), Emotional labor in service economy (pp. 38-45), The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561.
Whiting, A., Donthu, N., & Baker, A. M. (2011). Investigating the immediate and long-term effects of job stressors on frontline service employees. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 28(4), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.05.006
Wong, C. S., Hui, C., & Law, K. S. (1998). A longitudinal study of the job perception-job satisfaction relationship: a test of the three alternative specifications, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 127-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00667.x
Xanthopoulou, D., Baker, A. B., Oerlemans, G. M., & Koszucka, M. (2017). Need for recovery after emotional labor: Differential effects of daily deep and surface acting.
Xu, Y. X. (2012). Studies on Emotional Labor Strategy of Secondary School Teachers and ItsRelationship with Teaching Efficacy and Job Burnout. Master’s Thesis, Wuhan: Hubei University.
Yeong, G. C., & Kyoung, S. K. (2015). A literature review of emotional labor and emotional Labor Strategies. Universal Journal of Management, 3(7), 283-290.
Zapf, D., & Holz, M. (2006). On the positive and negative effects of emotion work in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 1 28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500412199
Zeljko, A., Aleksandra, D., & Sanja, B. (2017). Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction of tour guides in rural areas. Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction of tour guides in rural areas.
Zoub, M. D. (2012). The shape of the relationship between salary and job satisfaction. A field study. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 1-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i4.13936
Copyright (c) 2018 Zafar Iqbal, Asif Mehmood Mirza, Muhammad Sajid, Muhammad Adeel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Human Resource Studies ISSN 2162-3058
Email: ijhrs@macrothink.org
Copyright © Macrothink Institute
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'macrothink.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------